7 results
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hyponatremia:
1) Identification of onset (acute vs. chronic)
2) Presence of symptoms (HA,
symptoms (HA, nausea ... cardiac, liver, renal ... #EM #IM #Nephro ... #Hypovolemic #Euvolemic ... Differential #Algorithm #Ddxof
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup ... and Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Evidence of glomerular ... for renal biopsy ... by UW IM Residency
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
and Differential Diagnosis ... RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... suggest intrinsic renal ... #EM #IM #Urology ... Differential #Algorithm #Ddxof
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... hypotension) Decreased Glomerular ... Creatinine • Chronic renal ... failure • AKI
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) AKA: Mesangiocapillary GN
 • Active Urine Sediment (dysmorphic RBC, RBC casts, +/- proteinuria)
Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) AKA ... dysmorphic RBC, RBC casts ... formation along glomerular ... immune deposits on EM ... #diagnosis #renal
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Pancreatitis • Euvolemia ... polydipsia • Hypervolemia ... Syndrome, Chronic Renal ... MH/CCF/CWRU EM ... #causes #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... , RTA Type IV, AI ... reabsorption) Workup ... only if no clear cause ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology