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diagnosis differential algorithm hypokalemia hyperkalemia metabolic diuretics dm2 endocrinology renal summary urine acidosis agonists alkalosis aniongap bariatric basics brain bypass
Insulin Dosing Basics - Initiating Insulin for T2DM and Converting Insulin Products Insulin dosing can be
For type 2 diabetes ... for type 2 diabetes ... run into patient cases ... Basics #Dosing #Conversion ... #Prescribing #Pharmacology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypertensive: • High ... aldosteronism • High ... Al, High R - Secondary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... Administration of inulin ... EABV, High Plasma ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Normal Acid-Base: Low ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... paralysis - Insulin ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Metformin Pharmacology Summary Mechanisms of Action: • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... • Increases insulin-mediated ... agent • Does not cause ... hypoglycemia • Low ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Sodium >145 mmol/L High ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... 300 mmol/kg • Diabetes ... Hypernatremia #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... urinary losses: • High ... consumption • Low ... #nephrology #low
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... paralysis - Insulin ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Digoxin Pharmacology ... intracellular calcium causes ... Hyperkalemia (high ... hypokalemia (or low ... CaitEKulig #Digoxin #Pharmacology
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