6184 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
Elevation == Decreased ... Asplenia Laboratory Interference ... Reduction == Increase ... HgbA1c #Laboratory #Increase ... #Decrease #Diagnosis
COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED MEDICATIONS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE WARFARIN’S INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO (INR)

#Pharmacology #Warfarin #Medications #Interactions #INR
MEDICATIONS THAT INCREASE ... OR DECREASE WARFARIN ... INR #Increases #Decreases
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
Impaired Relaxation & Decreased ... Compliance • Mild Decrease ... Filling • Moderate Decrease ... enlargement • Severe Decrease ... echocardiogram #grades #diagnosis
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)

Expiratory & Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure
Both increase intrathoracic pressure, which can decrease
Both can decrease ... larger VT and decreases ... In CHF, decreases ... In COPD, decreases ... Cannot tolerate decreased
Auto-PEEP 
What is Auto-PEEP?
 • Progressive air trapping & dynamic hyperinflation → ↑Palv at end expiration
barotrauma and decreased ... (Tflow rate = decrease ... I:E ratio, decrease ... RR) • Decrease ... PEEP #pulmonary #diagnosis
Pressors and Inotropes

Norepinephrine
 • alpha1 > beta 1
 • Increase SVR > Inotropy
Vasopressin
 • V1
 •
alpha1 > beta 1 • Increase ... • alpha 1 • Increase ... • Inotropy > Increase ... • Inotropy, Decrease ... • Inotropy, Decrease
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) - Spectrum of Response
Non-response:
 • Histology: Persistent eosinophilia, ≥ 15 eos/hpf
 • Symptoms:
symptoms, <30% decrease ... findings, <30% decrease ... • Symptoms: Decreased ... symptoms, 30-90% decrease ... EoE #Response #diagnosis
Medications for High-Altitude Sickness 
Acetazolarnide 
 • Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitor Bicarb diuresis & metabolic Acidosis ->
Dexamethasone • Decrease ... vasogenic edema • Decrease ... Nifedipine • Decreases
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 • Negative feedback on hypothalamus/pituitary, Decreasing ACTH -> Decr Sex
Factors (GF's) • Decrease ... Osteocytes • Increase ... Bone Resorption, Decreased ... signs #symptoms #diagnosis
Hydroxyurea - Pathophysiology and Benefits in Sickle Cell Disease
 • Decreases number of pain crises (
Cell Disease • Decreases ... 4.5 vs. 2.4) • Decreases ... organ benefit and decreased