22 results
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... UNa > 20: • Renal ... Bicarbonaturia with renal ... tubal acidosis ... Acute or chronic renal
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... • Metabolic acidosis ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Altered Level of Consciousness GCS < 7 - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Brain Involvement - Hemispheric
Causes of Altered ... Traumatic • Ischemia ... Excesses • Liver/Renal ... • Metabolic Acidosis ... • Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia Diagnosis Algorithm
UOsm ≥ POsm - Vasopressin-Dependent
 • UNa < 20 mEq/L - Appropriate (↓ EABV)
Hyponatremia Diagnosis ... Primary polydipsia, Low ... solute intake, Renal ... differential #algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Beer Potomania - Low ... • Renal Failure ... Hypovolemic - GI losses, renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... ≥100): SIADH, Renal ... Present (Uosm <100): Renal ... Hypervolemia with poor renal ... table #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
contribution of liver or renal ... - regional ischemia ... LV failure - Low ... deficiency - Renal ... lactate production Renal
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
filtration - Renal ... stretch - decreased renal ... renal tissue perfusion ... Instability: - Renal ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Causes of Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Anion Gap (<14) (Loss of Bicarbonate) -
Causes of Non-Gap ... Metabolic Acidosis ... Diarrhea • Fistula Renal ... Cell Problem - Low ... MetabolicAcidosis #NonGap #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... - Metabolic acidosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low