117 results
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
unilateral flank pain ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... and referral to Urology ... if cause not identified
Mechanisms of Pain
Mixed - Nociceptive/Neuropathic
Nociceptive - Tissue Damage
 - Visceral - (From organ/cavity lining) Poorly localized,
Mechanisms of Pain ... Well-localized, sharp, short ... Complex regional pain ... #Mechanisms #Neurology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Childhood Immunization Schedule: Why we immunize
 • Diphtheria Toxin -> URT inflammation causes pseudomembrane with hardened
Tetanus Toxin -> Spores ... cause quadriplegia ... lymph -> Koplik's spots ... Maternal viremia causes ... jaundice and RUQ pain
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... stimulus to ADH • Pain ... /Post-op • Neurologic ... #Hyponatremia #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... stimulus to ADH • Pain ... /Post-op • Neurologic ... #Hyponatremia #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Post-infectious GN - Loin pain ... syndrome: • Flank pain ... Urethra/Prostate Causes ... urinary tract) Causes ... #urology #nephrology
Ear Pain (Otalgia) - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Primary Otalgia 
 - Pain that originates from the ear
Ear Pain (Otalgia ... Primary Otalgia - Pain ... from the ear - Pain ... - Intermittent pain ... vision or black spots
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Gap and Non-Gap - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Elevated Anion Gap
Causes of Metabolic ... Anion Gap > 12 (Gain ... AnionGap #NonGap #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diagnostic Algorithm for Dizziness and Vertigo
Peripheral Vertigo:
 • Attacks: Sudden, severe, can last anywhere from seconds
Varies • No neurologic ... with vascular causes ... position change • Neurologic ... findings BPPV • Short-lived ... positional episodes caused
Pain, Agitation, and Delirium (PAD) in the ICU
Addressing the ICU Triad (PAD) can be accomplished through
Total scores >2 ... the ICU due to short ... it should not cause ... bradycardia • Ketamine ... dissociative drug, it causes