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Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Excess free water loss ... access to water GI loss ... Diarrhea Insensible loss ... exercise-related loss ... Hypernatremia #Nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Gap and Non-Gap - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Elevated Anion Gap
Anion Gap (<14) (Loss ... AnionGap #NonGap #Nephrology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
poor intake, Gl loss ... renal magnesium loss ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Causes of Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Normal Anion Gap (<14) (Loss of Bicarbonate) -
Anion Gap (<14) (Loss ... gap GI Tract Loss ... Fistula Renal Loss ... - Direct Loss Negative ... MetabolicAcidosis #NonGap #Nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypovolemic (H2O loss ... ): GI loss, Skin ... loss • Euvolemic ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
extra-renal volume loss ... • renal volume loss ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
hypotonic fluid loss ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 1) Neurological event 2) Sodium loss from tubules 3) Naturiesis →
event 2) Sodium loss ... Pathophysiology #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Once pseudohypokalemia is ruled out, causes of hypokalemia can be
(urinary or GI loss ... Causes #workup #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
gastrointestinal K loss ... • Renal K loss ... algorithm #causes #nephrology
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