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diagnosis nephrology algorithm hypokalemia causes urine adies alkalosis chloride comatose framework hyperkalemia hypophosphatemia metabolic ophthalmology phosphate urinary workup
Adie's Pupil What? Unknown nature & benign • Regular and mildly dilated pupil (4-6mm); • Light-near dissociaton;
reexposed to light; • Normal ... Young females Differential ... trauma/orbital tumor ... #PhysicalExam # ... neurology #ophthalmology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Renin-secreting tumor ... Hyperplasia • Normal ... Al, Normal R - ... #causes #low #potassium
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
transfusion • Tumor ... Nephropathy Renin Normal ... , Renin High: ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high ... #potassium #differential
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Extra-renal Losses: • Normal ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Renin secreting tumor ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... Renin secreting tumor ... Liddle syndrome Low-normal ... • Distal RTA Low-normal ... #differential #
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
Hypophosphatemia - Differential ... bone syndrome, Tumor ... or High PTH: Primary ... or Low PTH: ... or Low FGF-23:
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
urinary losses: • High ... /Normal Blood Pressure ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential ... #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
/low blood pressure ... to diarrhea, a high ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #
The Neurological Evaluation of a Comatose Patient Definition: • Coma: a state of unresponsiveness; the absence of
consciousness Differential ... Cough reflex Pupils ... Anisocoria + Coma → high ... myoclonic movements, tremors ... #neurology #comatose
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