14 results
Diagnostic Criteria for Scleroderma Renal Crisis 

1. New onset blood pressure >150/85 mm Hg OR increase
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia ... examination - Microscopic ... hematuria on urine ... cells on urine ... microscopy -
Examples of varying granular and granular/waxy mixed casts: 
A: coarse granular/broad-waxy (and surrounding white blood cells);
granular/waxy mixed casts ... surrounding white blood ... cells); B: light ... Granular #MuddyBrown #Casts ... #Urine #Microscopy
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve 

Left Shift - decreased unloading of O2 at tissue level (i.e.  increased
• stored red blood ... cells - Hb variant ... - Sickle cell anemia ... Dissociation #Curve #Pathophysiology ... #Differential #Causes
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

What?
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly
group of disorders caused ... by blood cells ... abnormal under the microscope ... abnormal under a microscope ... abnormal under the microscope
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Blood (hemoglobin ... Microscopic exam ... • Red blood cells ... • Urinary casts ... : • White blood
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red blood cells on urine microscopy. Must exclude false positives
Algorithm Red blood ... cells on urine ... microscopy. ... with polyangiitis/microscopic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Urine Microscopy - Urinary Sediment Examination Instructions
Preparation of the urine for microscopic examination:
 • Clean catch
Urine Microscopy ... presence of protein, blood ... stain taken up by cells ... or casts and will ... protein matrix of casts
Drug-Induced Edema
Drug-induced edema is caused by many drugs & can coincide with or worsen pre-existing peripheral
Drug-induced edema is caused ... pressure in the blood ... release from mast cells ... #Differential #Pharmacology ... #Pathophysiology
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
oxygen in the blood ... SvO2 → Low PaO2 ANEMIC ... CYTOPATHIC HYPOXIA - Cells ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #pathophysiology
Features of a Sickle Cell Crisis 
Sickle-cell disease - an autosomal recessive blood disorder.
Characterized by red
cells that adopt ... These cells can ... Crises can be precipitated ... The underlying pathophysiology ... of the baseline anaemia