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differential causes management hypokalemia syndrome hyponatremia potassium workup low alkalosis metabolic polyuria sodium table criticalcare endocrinology hematology hepatology hepatorenal hrs
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... , Osmotic diuresis ... exercise, Heat stroke ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Hypovolemia ... losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
- Differential Diagnosis ... Workup Algorithm ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... #nephrology #sodium
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Urine Output > 3L /day Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg) • Primary
3L /day Water Diuresis ... Insipidus Mixed Diuresis ... Dl • Chronic Renal ... Failure Solute Diuresis ... #nephrology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Excess Intake of Water: • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia") •
- Differential Diagnosis ... a.k.a. osmotic diuresis ... : Conventional diuretics ... Nephrogenic DI (Renal ... #Causes #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Algorithm Volume ... Low Cl intake, Diuretics ... High Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... Sodium loss (diuretics ... deficiency, Post-AKI diuresis ... (AKI, Post-AKI diuresis ... #differential #diagnosis
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Algorithm Volume ... Low Cl intake, Diuretics ... High Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
G-K), K-sparing diuretics ... improve GFR - Diuresis ... hypertonic Amp IVP • Diuretics ... (IV loop diuretic ... - IV loop diuretic
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