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diagnosis differential nephrology hypokalemia low management alkalosis hematology hematuria hyperkalemia microscopy product reactions rhabdomyolysis treatment urinary acidosis alkaliintake alkaline alp
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... • White cell casts ... • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... urinary losses: • High ... Blood Pressure:
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery ... #Nephrology #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Extra-renal Losses ... Low intake • Metabolic ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... #causes #potassium
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Ketones • Leukocyte ... • Urinary casts ... used with normal renal ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase ... #urine #UNa #casts
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... • Normal/low blood ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
and Diagnosis Algorithm ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... Nephrology for renal ... Nephrology if cause ... Workup #urology #blood
Blood gas analysis Metabolic alkalosis Measured urine CI < 10 mEq/L Saline responsive > 10 mEg/L Not saline responsive - Vomiting or NG
Blood gas analysis ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Measured urine ... of H+ loss Renal ... Gitelman syndrome - Potassium
Causes of Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Normal Anion Gap (<14) (Loss of Bicarbonate) -
Causes of Non-Gap ... Metabolic Acidosis ... Loss (Negative urine ... Diarrhea • Fistula Renal ... #Causes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
phlebotomy High ... Crush injury • Blood ... infusions) - Metabolic ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
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