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diagnosis differential nephrology management causes hyperkalemia hypokalemia alkalosis low metabolic pediatrics blood casts complications elevation hematology hyponatremia nephrolithiasis pathophysiology peds
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones Acute Managment: • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids • Facilitating passage of stone:
using urine strainer ... ALL patients - High ... Monitoring for extra-renal ... Protein diet - Urine ... Protein diet - Urine
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm ... Decreased renal ... Normal, Renin High ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high ... Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis #algorithm
Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10%
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Hyperuricosuria • High ... salt intake • High ... solubility: • Low urine ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... also be seen if urine ... glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... - Up to 3 per high-power ... normal; >3 per high-power
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
Algorithm for patients ... the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... mmol creatinine) High ... #potassium #differential ... #algorithm #diagnosis
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Urinalysis & Urine ... • Ketones • ... Leukocyte esterase ... used with normal renal ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... • Diarrhea A urine ... urinary losses: • High
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Osmolarity 2) Urine ... Osmolarity 3) Urine ... Acid → SIADH - High ... Uric Acid → renal
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
apatite plaque, Low urine ... duct plaque, Low urine ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... - Antiviral treatment ... #stones #differential
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