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diagnosis nephrology causes hypokalemia management potassium alkalosis low treatment endocrinology hypercalcemia table chloride classification high hypomagnesemia hyponatremia medications renal sodium
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
diuretics, and ... thiazide-like diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... diuretic use), ... #Causes #differential
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Medications - Loop ... and thiazide diuretics ... - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... Hypomagnesemia #Differential
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
- Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Remote use of loop ... or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Low intake • Metabolic ... • HTN Absent: Loop ... and thiazide diuretics
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... tubal acidosis and metabolic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm Acidosis - RTA - Diarrhea pH Normal 1. Decreased Mg 2. Intracellular Shift
Hypokalemia Differential ... Algorithm Acidosis ... Diuretics (discontinued ... Metabolic alkalosis ... #Causes #Workup
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... resistance • Metabolic ... +2Cl- Symport (Loop ... Diuretics) (Bumetanide ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm GI LOSS - FeMg < 2-2.5% or 24h Urine Mg
Hypomagnesemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Urine Mg > 10g • Loop ... Diuretics • Hypercalcemia-PTH ... syndrome • Thiazide Diuretics
Approach to Elevated Bicarbonate (HCO3) Risk Factors for Hypercapnea? (Hx of COPD, OSA, sedative use, CNS/muscular disorders?) (+)
Adenoma • Remote Diuretics ... - Loop or Thiazides ... Hyperaldosteronism • Recent Diuretics ... - Loop or Thiazides ... #alkalosis #algorithm
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
- Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Clinicians should also look ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... #differential #
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