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diagnosis differential nephrology causes hypokalemia potassium hypercalcemia management treatment associated emergencies endocrinology hemeonc metabolicalkalosis nongap oncologic oncology urine
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Aldosterone: Malignant ... • HTN Absent: Loop ... and thiazide diuretics
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Hyperaldosteronism: malignant ... >20 mEq/24 h - Diuretics ... Gitelman's syndrome #Hypokalemia
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia - Renal Failure → Dialysis with low Ca++ bath Aggressive IV hydration
Treatment algorithm ... for malignancy-associated ... Dialysis with low ... Volume Overload → Loop ... diuretic IV Bisphosphonate
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm GI Losses - Gastric • Vomiting • NG suction GI
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... tubular transport • Diuretics ... (loop/thiazide) ... • Malignant Hypertension ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia • Aggressive IV hydration • IV Bisphosphonate +/- Calcitonin • Renal
Treatment algorithm ... hypercalcemia ... : Dalysis with low ... Volume overload: Loop ... diuretic • Lymphoma
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
Algorithm for patients ... with hypokalemia ... Urine Cl - Loop ... diuretics, Thiazide ... diuretics, Mg2+
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... urinary losses: • High ... ↑ Aldosterone: Malignant ... consumption • Low ... Alkalosis: Emesis, Diuretics
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... contracted • Loop ... diuretics / Bartter's ... syndrome • Thiazide diuretics
Summary of Oncologic Emergencies Neutropenic fever: - Fever + ANC < 500 → start cefepime ± vancomycin (if
LDH, low Ca - ... d-dimer, low fibrinogen ... plasmapheresis Hypercalcemia ... of malignancy: ... Adjuncts: loop diuretics
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Diabetes, diabetic ... : amyloidosis, malignancy ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... Differential #Diagnosis #High ... #Potassium #Classification
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