34 results
diagnosis differential causes algorithm hypokalemia management metabolic alkalosis hyperkalemia workup blood hematology hypomagnesemia hyponatremia medications nongap pathophysiology product reactions treatment
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... • HTN, High Aldosterone ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Sodium loss (diuretics ... can be high or ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Cl intake, Diuretics ... (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypertensive: • High ... aldosteronism • High ... >20 mEq/24 h - Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Cl intake, Diuretics ... (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
• Refeeding syndrome ... Losses Non-renal ... • Discontinued diuretic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome • Increased renal interstitial pressure • Hypoperfusion • Reduced
• Increased renal ... blood flow • ... hypertrophy • Sodium ... activities • Diuretic ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
paraproteinemia, acute ... FEPO4 ≥ 5% - Renal ... • Normal or High ... Inh., Osmotic diuresis ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
after starvation, Acute ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... , Potassium depletion ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology ... #magnesium #low
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