55 results
Urine Electrolyte Interpretation - AKI, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia and Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis

#Urine #Electrolytes #Interpretation #ULytes #AKI #FENa
Urine Electrolyte ... Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia ... and Non-Gap Metabolic ... #FENa #FEUrea #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... #nephrology #casts
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Urine Microscopy ... - Casts Acellular ... #Urine #Microscopy ... #nephrology #interpretation ... #diagnosis
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - Causes ... Hyporeflexia: • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperreflexia: • Hypocalcemia ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #neurology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... #diagnosis #Algorithm ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Anion Gap and Metabolic ... #Anions #Gap #Metabolic ... #Acidosis #Diagnosis ... #Nephrology #Table ... #Differential #Causes
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... cystoscopy • Refer to Nephrology ... if cause not identified
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Low intake • Metabolic ... #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... - Differential Diagnosis ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
require urgent nephrology ... PROBLEM ~80% of AKI cases ... IMPROVEMENT If the urine ... for WBCs, RBCs, casts ... #nephrology