167 results
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
acid, Liddle's Syndrome ... Normotensive: • UCl ... Post-hypercapnia • UCl ... , Gitelman's syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #causes
Autoantibodies in Rheumatology
 • Lupus (SLE): ANA (anti-nuclear antibody), dsDNA (double-stranded DNA), Anti-Smith, Anti-Ro (SSA) and
, others (RNP, aPL ... Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome ... Anti-cardiolipin (aCl ... LAC) • Sjogren Syndrome ... Anti-centromere, Scl
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
- Na-K-2Cl cotransporter ... , K channel, Cl ... barrtin (recruits Cl ... Thiazide-sensitive Na—Cl ... alpha-Intercalated cell Cl
Positive Lachman test in ACL Injury

Here is an exam of a patient under anesthesia with an
Lachman test in ACL ... anesthesia with an ACL ... That causes the ... Lachmans #test #ACL
Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) - Pathophysiology:
→ Massive tumor cell lysis
→ Release of large amounts of K+,
Tumor lysis syndrome ... (TLS) - Pathophysiology ... , AML, NHL → AKI ... #TumorLysis #syndrome ... #TLS #Pathophysiology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl ... NGT suction, Low Cl ... • High Urine Cl ... , Gitelman Syndrome ... Algorithm #Nephrology #Causes
Hyperviscosity Syndrome - Causes and Treatment

 - Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (most common) / Plasmapheresis 
 - Multiple
Hyperviscosity Syndrome ... - Causes and Treatment ... transformation (CML ... hyperleukocytosis (AML ... #Causes #Differential
Schematic representation of the major sources of ammonia production and its excretory pathway (GI = gastrointestinal,
although hepatic causes ... Multiple myeloma, CML ... , AML - Large ... rare): - Reye syndrome ... deficiency #Ammonia #Pathophysiology
Leukemias Overview: ALL, CML, AML, APML, CLL

Acute leukemias > 20% blasts in the peripheral blood smear
, CML, AML, APML ... involvement CML ... -> AML: Blast crises ... develop leukostasis syndrome ... • Tumor lysis syndrome
Autoimmune Gastritis - Pathophysiology

Anti-ParietaI Cell, CD4+ T Cells, Autoantibodies -> x Parietal Cells, x HCL, x
Autoimmune Gastritis - Pathophysiology ... Parietal Cells, x HCL ... Autoimmune #Gastritis #Pathophysiology