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diagnosis differential nephrology hyperkalemia algorithm hyponatremia pharmacology comparison hypernatremia management table treatment alkalosis binders binding cardiology chloride classification clinical comatose
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... water Extrarenal hypotonic ... salt intake: • Hypertonic ... #nephrology #sodium ... #high
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic ... time you have a case ... of hypotonic hyponatremia ... diuresis can be high ... #Physiologic #Hypotonic
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Differential Algorithm Isotonic ... , Recent TURP Hypotonic ... Hypothyroidism Hypertonic ... Algorithm #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
this pump, those sodium ... intracellular sodium ... intracellular sodium ... intracellular calcium causes ... Hyperkalemia (high
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... >145 mmol/L High ... 300 mmol/kg • Hypertonic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma): • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Potassium-Binding ... constipation, diarrhea, nausea ... hypokalemia); nausea ... patients sensitive to high ... of aspiration #Potassium
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... 109 mEq/L • Sodium ... shift • Saline Causes ... densa receives high ... • Saline May Cause
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia is usually caused ... vast majority of cases ... 1) Is it hypotonic ... the underlying cause ... management #nephrology #sodium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
to diarrhea, a high ... the indicated causes ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... only if no clear cause ... (Bicarb≥22) or isotonic ... Use gtt, NOT hypertonic ... Management #Treatment #potassium
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