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diagnosis differential algorithm hyponatremia management table treatment diuretics medications workup alkalosis chloride classes classification comparison conversion drugs enuresis excretion features
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... • Osmotic diuresis ... insipidus • Nephrogenic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
- Cushing's syndrome ... Gestational DI, Nephrogenic ... - Osmotic diuretic ... , Loop diuretics ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Causes of Enuresis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Primary Nocturnal Enuresis (Urinary Control Never Achieved) • Delayed Maturation
Causes of Enuresis ... Cerebral Palsy, Neurogenic ... : • Pediatric ... (Hinman Syndrome ... #Peds #Pediatrics
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Repeat the sodium ... volume loss - diuretics ... • nephrotic syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... administration • Osmotic diuresis ... #Nephrology #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Hyponatremia ... • Nephrogenic ... Kidney stones caused ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... : SIADH, Renal Sodium ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... diagnosis #table #sodium ... #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... , Medications (diuretics ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #nephrology
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