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diagnosis differential algorithm causes hyponatremia hypokalemia management table kidney potassium treatment alkalosis anticoagulation chloride citrate defects diuresis diuretics epilepticus epithelial
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
intake • Metabolic ... acidosis: Gl tract ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... acidosis: Proximal ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Euvolemic (Low ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Primary polydipsia, Low ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #nephrology
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Unprovoked - Epilepsy: • Focal: Simple, Complex • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... vasoconstriction syndrome ... Neurocysticercosis, PML • Metabolic ... Hyperglycemia, Hyponatremia ... Algorithm #Causes #neurology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
Based Approach to Hyponatremia ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... renal tubular acidosis ... -2 deficiency Nephrogenic ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... with renal tubal acidosis ... and metabolic alkalosis ... Cardiac failure #Hyponatremia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
: SIADH, Renal Sodium ... can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Primary polydipsia), Low ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
consumption • Low ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... acidosis: Proximal ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low
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