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differential algorithm hypokalemia potassium gitelman hyperkalemia pathophysiology treatment causes chloride defects diuresis diuretics epithelial excretion hypernatremia hyponatremia hypotonic inherited intercellularshift
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
- Differential Diagnosis ... Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis ... • Refeeding syndrome ... K intake (anorexia ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... nephron → - ↑ K+ ... Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis ... Pathophysiology #nephrology ... #diagnosis
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
consumption • Low ... - Metabolic Alkalosis ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
- Na-K-2Cl cotransporter ... , K channel, Cl ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential ... #Table
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
algorithm Urine Na+K ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... test (only if no clear ... Elimination (see Table ... acidosis) • Low ... #potassium #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... • Diagnosis of ... irrigation • Management ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... • Normal or low ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology
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