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diagnosis differential algorithm hypokalemia diuretics high management treatment abg acid acidosis aniongap base bloodgas classes comparison conversion criticalcare crystalloids disorders
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• NSAIDs • ACE ... Beta blockers • Antibiotics ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• NSAIDs • ACE ... Beta blockers • Antibiotics ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Defining the cause ... loss • Renal ... Renal tubular acidosis ... #nephrology #potassium
Drugs that Impair Renal Potassium Excretion Decreased ENaC channel function: Amiloride, Triamterene, Pentamidine Decreased Aldosterone Synthesis: Heparin,
Aldosterone Release: ACE ... Decreased Na, K-ATPase ... happypillsrx/ #Hyperkalemia ... Pathophysiology #Pharmacology ... #Renal
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... #nephrology #low
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
NSAIDs, β-blockers, Antibiotics ... only if no clear cause ... Ca-gluconate or 1g CaCl ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
oxoproline) • Renal ... Renal acidosis ... Potassium-sparing ... ACE-Is and ARBs ... #nephrology
Diuretics - Pharmacology Thiazides diuretics: • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... • Inhibit Na+ Cl ... • Inhibit Na+K+ ... Piretanide Potassium ... #nephrology #conversion
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... trial • Minimal K ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... • Saline May Cause ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
2Cl- Symport (Loop ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
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