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Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology of Diabetic ... Electrolyte imbalance → Polydipsia ... endocrinology #diabetes ... #diabetic #ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Diagnosis and Management Summary

Symptoms:
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
•
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... • Polyuria • Polydipsia ... mg/dL #DKA #Diabetic
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Diagnosis and Management Summary

Symptoms:
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Vomiting
• Weight loss
•
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... • Polyuria • Polydipsia ... mg/dL #DKA #Diabetic
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
Pathophysiology of Diabetic ... polyuria, and polydipsia ... Pathophysiology #Diabetic ... Ketoacidosis #DKA #Diabetes
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
Water: • Primary polydipsia ... "psychogenic polydipsia ... Poorly controlled diabetes ... Diabetes Insipidus
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
kg) • Primary Polydipsia ... • Central Diabetes ... • Nephrogenic Diabetes
Pathyophysiology - hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes 
Key signs/symptoms of HHS/DKA:
Both: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss,
patients with diabetes ... Both: Polyuria, polydipsia
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
(Uncontrolled Diabetes ... Test • Primary polydipsia ... • Central Diabetes ... • Nephrogenic Diabetes
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria = >3L Urine output / 24 hours
Urine osmolality = 2 (Na
100 mosm/kg • Diabetes ... Insipidus • Primary Polydipsia
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of Diabetes ... or neurogenic diabetes ... demeclocycline) Primary polydipsia ... or dipsogenic diabetes ... #Diabetes #Insipidus