3460 results
Hyponatremia Diagnosis Algorithm
UOsm ≥ POsm - Vasopressin-Dependent
 • UNa < 20 mEq/L - Appropriate (↓ EABV)
Consider: Primary polydipsia ... , Low solute intake
Diagnostic Approach to Hyponatremia
Box A:
 • Normo/hyperosmolar Hyponatremia: Glucose, Mannitol, Glycine, Contrast media, Maltose
 • Pseudohyponatremia:
Box C: Primary Polydipsia ... , Low Na intake,
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Hypothyroidism, Low ... deficiency, Primary polydipsia ... diagnosis #sodium #low
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
Water: • Primary polydipsia ... "psychogenic polydipsia ... • Central Dl (Low
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Beer Potomania - Low ... • Psychogenic Polydipsia
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
demands Hypoxemia - low ... of hypoxia) - Low ... SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... COHb, MetHb) - Low ... CaO2 → Low SvO2
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
100): Primary polydipsia ... , Low solute intake
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria = >3L Urine output / 24 hours
Urine osmolality = 2 (Na
nutrition), Azotemia LOW ... Insipidus • Primary Polydipsia
Increased Urination - Differential Diagnosis Framework - Increased Volume / Frequency
 • Increased osmotic load (Increased
urine (usually low ... Increased intake (low ... osm): Primary Polydipsia
Severe Mitral Stenosis- The physical examination revealed a right parasternal heave, a loud S1, a midpeaking
border, and a low-pitched ... 0.5 cm2) (see video ... Color-flow Doppler ... The slow decline ... see source for video