136 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... due to decreased urinary ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis Algorithm Primary ... long-standing secondary ... Renal Failure, Post-Renal ... Immobilization • Adrenal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 
OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY. 

Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency:
 - Tiredness, weakness, mental depression
Primary and secondary ... eosinophilia Primary ... Hyperpigmentation - Hyperkalemia ... testicles - Secondary ... visual symptoms - Diabetes
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Diagnosis Algorithm Primary ... of nucleotides Primary ... Hyperparathyroidism • Diabetic ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Adrenal Insufficiency Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical suspicion: Weakness, fatigue, nausea, musculoskeletal pain, dizziness, volume depletion, abdominal pain,
Adrenal Insufficiency ... hyponatremia, hyperkalemia ... baseline ACTH - Primary ... baseline ACTH - Secondary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... High Renin - Primary ... adrenal insufficiency ... Low Renin - Diabetes ... Beta-Blockers #Hyperkalemia
Adrenal Insufficiency - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
 • Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency
 • Adrenoleukodystrophy,
Adrenal Insufficiency ... Workup Algorithm Primary ... • Autoimmune primary ... or tuberculosis Secondary ... Workup #Algorithm #endocrinology
Primary vs Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency - Pathophysiology
Primary AI = adrenal glands themselves are the problem. This
Primary vs Secondary ... Pathophysiology Primary ... Secondary AI = the ... #Secondary #Adrenal ... Pathophysiology #endocrinology
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic ... • Drugs • Diabetic ... Renin High: • Primary ... • Congenital adrenal ... • Type 1 #Hyperkalemia
Adrenal Insufficiency Diagnosis Algorithm - Evaluation of HPA Axis Response to ACTH

Early am cortisol < 3
Adrenal Insufficiency ... diagnostic of primary ... OR secondary AI ... or secondary AI ... Stimulation #Test #Endocrinology