217 results
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... CHF • liver failure ... syndrome • renal failure ... #Hypernatremia ... #Diagnosis #Workup
Myocardial Injury Classification
Chronic myocardial injury: Chronic heart failure, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, CKD/ESRD
Acute nonischemic myocardial injury:
 - Primary
Chronic heart failure ... cardiomyopathy, Acute heart failure ... illness, Sepsis, Pulmonary ... infarction: Respiratory failure ... Classification #diagnosis
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Diagnosis by Mechanism ... depletion - Heart failure ... hemorrhage) - Pulmonary ... Advanced renal failure
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Renal Failure ... Hypervolemic - Heart failure ... , liver failure,
Shock - Differential Diagnosis Framework
 - MAP <65. SBP <90, drop in SBP > 40
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- Differential Diagnosis ... Insufficiency, Liver Failure ... Medications, Spinal Cord Injury ... • Obstructive: Pulmonary ... #criticalcare #
Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) Clinical Guidelines

ACLF = possibly reversible condition in those with CLD (± cirrhosis)
months without treatment ... Lung Failure ... Kidney Failure ... Drug-Induced Liver Injury ... gastroenterology #management #diagnosis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... • Drugs • Pulmonary ... Congestive heart failure ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... • Drugs • Pulmonary ... Congestive heart failure ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia ... Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia ... irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia ... Hypovolemia, Heart failure ... #Algorithm #diagnosis
Hyponatremia Diagnosis Algorithm
UOsm ≥ POsm - Vasopressin-Dependent
 • UNa < 20 mEq/L - Appropriate (↓ EABV)
Hyponatremia Diagnosis ... Hypovolemia, Heart failure ... @NephroMD #hyponatremia ... #diagnosis #differential