2865 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... a renal tubule reabsorptive ... (defective Na reabsorption ... (defective Na reabsorption ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... MGUS - Poor reabsorption ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
Treat underlying cause ... : • Causes can ... administered • Can cause ... passive sodium reabsorption
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
Causes of Polyuria ... Defect in Tubular Reabsorption ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
electrolyte abnormality caused ... among the possible causes ... in blood urea causes ... results in water reabsorption ... increased sodium reabsorption
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
inhibiting glucose reabsorption ... kidney), which causes
SIADH Treatment Options
1. Treat underlying cause of SIADH: Pain, Primary lung pathology, Post-operative phenomenon, Medications, Basically
Treat underlying cause ... administered • This can cause ... passive sodium reabsorption ... effects: Thirst, Nausea
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... Stimulate calcium reabsorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption