20 results
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Growth Hormone (GH ... activates lipolysis Signs ... - Soft tissue expansion ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
, ↓Vitamin D, ↑↓ ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis ... #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
• Other rare causes ... Overproduction #diagnosis ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Acromegaly 
Caused by over-secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. 
The condition is rare
Acromegaly Caused ... growth hormone (GH ... #Acromegaly #Signs ... #Symptoms #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... alkali syndrome • Vitamin ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
- Differential Diagnosis ... Cholecalciferol - Excess Vitamin ... Bony Mets - Calcium ... #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Acromegaly - Diagnosis and Management Summary - GrepMed Handbook 

Clinical Presentation: 
 • Classic Acromegaly: frontal
Acromegaly - Diagnosis ... malignancy Pathophysiology ... or refractory cases ... #Management #Endocrinology ... #Treatment #Pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
- Differential Diagnosis ... Hyperparathyroidism • Vitamin ... • Acute Volume Expansion ... #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Pituitary Mass Effects - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Pituitary turnors are almost always a benign
For pituitary masses ... following order; GH ... Signs / Symptoms ... #SideEffects #endocrinology ... mnemonic #GLFTAP #pathophysiology