33 results
Calcium Homeostasis

Serum Calcium - PTH - Vitamin D Regulation

#Calcium #Homeostasis #Pathophysiology #Autoregulation #VitaminD #PTH #Endocrinology
Serum Calcium ... - PTH - Vitamin ... #Homeostasis #Pathophysiology ... Autoregulation #VitaminD ... #PTH #Endocrinology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
Calcium homeostasis ... increase serum calcium ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology ... #Calcium #Homeostasis
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
, ↑Vitamin D, ↓Phosphate ... , ↓Vitamin D, ↑↓ ... Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Clinical Effects of Large and Small Pituitary Tumours
Local complications - Headache, Visual field defect, Disconnection hyperprolactinaemia,
Large and Small Pituitary ... Acute infarction/expansion ... (pituitary apoplexy ... #Tumors #Signs ... Symptoms #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Acromegaly 
Caused by over-secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland. 
The condition is rare
Acromegaly Caused ... (GH) from the pituitary ... #Acromegaly #Signs ... Symptoms #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
activates lipolysis Signs ... - Soft tissue expansion ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology ... #pituitary
Pituitary Mass Effects - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Pituitary turnors are almost always a benign
masses of all sizes ... Signs / Symptoms ... Headaches • Nausea ... #SideEffects #endocrinology ... mnemonic #GLFTAP #pathophysiology
Rachitic Rosary of Rickets on Physical Exam

Bead-like prominences of bone are seen at the costochondral joints.
A lack of calcium ... mineralization causes ... #chest #Ribs #VitaminD ... #deficiency #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... alkali syndrome • Vitamin ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Cholecalciferol - Excess Vitamin ... Bony Mets - Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology