84 results
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN syndromes) 

MEN I
• Hyperparathyroidism 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Possible ZE syndrome 
• Various
Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... #Differential #Endocrinology ... #Classification ... #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... calcium)-alkali syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome:
 - Acute poststreptococcal 
glomerulonephritis 
 - Rapidly progressive
Glomerular Diseases ... Minimal change disease ... #Glomerular #Diseases ... #Classification ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Activation: Liver disease ... , Kidney Disease ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Magnesium deficiency
 - Hypoparathyroidism 
 - Hypoalbuminemia (Pseudohypocalcemia)
 - Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... chronic kidney disease ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #endocrinology
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
- Differential Diagnosis ... , Milk Alkali Syndrome ... , Viral Syndromes ... Granulomatous diseases ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
Hypocalcemia Laboratory ... Chronic kidney disease ... #Hypocalcemia ... Hyperparathyroidism #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High PTH
LOW PTH - Hypoparathyroid
 - Congenital (Pediatric)
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Infiltrative disease ... Tumor lysis syndrome ... Algorithm #PTH #endocrinology
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Differential Diagnosis ... - Nephrotic syndrome ... chronic kidney disease ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia