19 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's ... disease, Hyperthyroidism ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Insufficiency Addison's Disease ... Lymphoma Metastatic Disease ... Lung cancer • Renal ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #signs
Shock Classification Types - Pathophysiology Comparison

Obstructive Shock:
 • Obstructive shock is characterized by a blockage in
Shock Classification ... Pathophysiology Comparison ... advanced valvular disease ... internal or external fluid ... leading to organ failure
Causes of Anemia by Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Low Mean Corpuscular Volume (<80
Causes of Anemia ... Hemolysis • Marrow Failure ... Renal Disease, Liver ... #Anemia #MCV #Classification ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... Acquired - Primary renal ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... characterized by excessive fluid ... Diabetes #Insipidus #Classification
Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension from pulmonary vasculopathy
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Heritable gene mutations
Clinical Classification ... mediastinitis, chronic renal ... failure #Pulmonary ... Hypertension #PHTN #Classification ... #Differential #Causes
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
papilledema, heart failure ... eg, presence of renal ... : Renal artery stenosis ... Renal parenchymal ... disease: CKD, acute
Biphasic Illness of Leptospirosis
Some patients do not progress to severe disease. Others, rapidly develop severe disease
develop severe disease ... rash • Others: nausea ... (renal + hepatic ... and multi-organ failure ... Diagnosis #Illness #Signs
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
presentations and disease ... contribution of liver or renal ... treatments include fluid ... deficiency - Renal ... lactate production Renal