11 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Diabetic acidosis - Renal ... • Chronic renal ... failure • ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... #causes
Causes of Anemia by Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Low Mean Corpuscular Volume (<80
Causes of Anemia ... Hemolysis • Marrow Failure ... Renal Disease, Liver ... #Anemia #MCV #Classification ... #Hematology
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia
 - Renal Failure → Dialysis with low Ca++ bath
Aggressive IV hydration
malignancy-associated hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia - ... Renal Failure → ... Calcitonin Refractory Cases ... algorithm #management #endocrinology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
papilledema, heart failure ... eg, presence of renal ... : Renal artery stenosis ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Renal parenchymal
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... , and possibly renal ... failure Clinical ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria ... Diagnosis #Management #Signs
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Congestive heart failure ... Renal resistance ... Advanced renal insufficiency ... End-stage renal
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... (OH)D3 - Liver failure ... 1,25(OH2)D3 - Renal ... failure, hyperphosphatemia ... #endocrinology
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
, DIC, hypoTN, renal ... failure. ... Causes purpura & ... • Hypocalcemia ... , Hyperkalemia: