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diagnosis differential algorithm causes hypokalemia management treatment acute chloride diuresis diuretics excretion gitelman hyperkalemia k kidneyinjury metabolic metabolicalkalosis nongap pathophysiology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis ... • Refeeding syndrome ... Thyrotoxicosis Medications ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Secondary causes of Hypertension • Medications, Drugs, Chemo: NSAIDS, Steroids, CNI, Alcohol, Cocaine, OCP, Licorice, MAOI,
Secondary causes of Hypertension ... • Medications ... Anti VEGF agents, TKI ... Pseudoephedrine • Primary Renal ... tumor • Other low
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm GI Losses - Gastric • Vomiting • NG suction GI
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis ... Chloridorrhea Renal ... • Penicillins Renal ... Licorice • Liddle's Syndrome ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... suggests extra-renal ... consumption • Low ... - Metabolic Alkalosis ... #nephrology #low
Common causes of Acute Kidney Injury AKI - Differential Diagnosis HEMODYNAMIC • Cardiac failure: Impaired forward flow,
Kidney Injury AKI ... Impaired forward flow ... inhibitors, hepatorenal syndrome ... • Prolonged hypotension ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low ... , Gitelman syndrome ... Hypomagnesemia • Hypertension ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... • Metabolic alkalosis ... Inhibitors of Renal ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #Medications
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
declines > ALT) • AKI ... + myoglobin AKI ... injured muscles - HYPOTENSION ... Monitor potassium ... causes #treatment #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
• Normal or low ... • Hypokalemia (renal ... potassium wasting ... , Renal tubular ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Etiology: • Medications ... , RTA Type IV, AI ... acidosis) • Low ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
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