10 results
DPP-4 Inhibitors - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4), which normally inactivates GLP-1
- Pharmacology Summary ... not definitively cause ... #Pharmacology #Summary ... #DM2 #diabetes ... #endocrinology
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Increased extracellular K+:
 • Tissue injury
 • Hemolysis
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... • Tumor lysis syndrome ... Succinylcholine • Diabetes ... • Calcineurin inhibitor ... blockers - MCW Nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
• Nephrogenic diabetes ... Kidney stones caused ... Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes ... DDAVP) • Central diabetes ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Correction of diabetic ... , Calcineurin inhibitors ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... (treatment of diabetic ... carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
of re-feeding syndrome ... • Diabetic ketoacidosis ... (DKA) - caused ... seen with SGLT inhibitors ... diagnosis #management #endocrinology
Acquired Disorders of Reduced Bone Strength: Pathogenesis
 • Hyperparathyroidism
 • Vitamin D deficiency
 • Malabsorption syndromes
Malabsorption syndromes ... • Smoking • Diabetes ... • Other causes ... • Aromatase inhibitors ... #BoneStrength #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
NSAIDs • ACE Inhibitors ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
NSAIDs • ACE Inhibitors ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... Ketoacidosis (starvation, diabetic ... ) Causes of Normal ... Interpretation #Diagnosis #Summary ... #Nephrology #ABG