484 results
Blood pressure
Renin
ACTH
Angiotensin Il
Zona glomerulosa
Secretion
Physical activity, stress
Adrenal
#Epinephrine
#Adrenalmedulla
Degradation
Glucuronation in the liver
Excretion
Bile
Feces
#Hyperkalemia
#Aldosterone
Na* retention and
K* excretion in:
Salivary glands
#Sweat glands
#Gallbladder
Nat
Na
K*
Kidney
Colon
Zona glomerulosa Secretion ... in the liver Excretion ... Bile Feces #Hyperkalemia ... retention and K* excretion
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Hypervolemia, ... renal failure Hypervolemia
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Defining the cause of hypokalemia ... Hypomagnesemia-induced hypokalemia ... renovascular HT, Renin-secreting ... Cushing's syndrome #hypokalemia
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm
Acidosis
 - RTA
 - Diarrhea
pH Normal 
 1. Decreased Mg 
 2. Intracellular Shift
Hypokalemia Differential ... Renin secreting ... NephTwitter) #Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Renovascular HTN, Renin secreting ... @priti899 #Hypokalemia
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Distal RTA is the true Nephrogenic RTA and can be truly divided into
hypokalemic and the hyperkalemic ... problem • H secretion ... IV) - NH3 secretion
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... renovascular HT, Renin-secreting ... Gitelman's syndrome #Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation ... Before evaluating hypokalemia ... in evaluating hypokalemia ... Renovascular HTN, Renin secreting ... @krithicism #Hypokalemia
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
↑ K+ and ↑ H+ secretion ... → Hypokalemia Metabolic
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Complications - Hypercalcemia ... nephron -> Decr secretion ... nephron -> Under-excretion