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diagnosis differential causes hypokalemia potassium treatment hyponatremia high hypernatremia low medications neurology rhabdomyolysis table urine workup acute alkalosis chloride diuretics
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Transcellular Shift ... • Refeeding syndrome ... • Discontinued diuretic ... #nephrology #low
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift • Recovery From DKA • Refeeding Syndrome • Acute Respiratory
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Transcellular Shift ... • Refeeding Syndrome ... Alkalosis • Hypokalemia ... • Osmotic Diuresis
Algorithm for Management of Acute and Chronic Hyperkalemia Acute Hyperkalemia: - IV calcium (10 mL of 10%)
Algorithm for Management ... in 4 mL) - IV sodium ... mL/min) - Oral sodium ... #Algorithm #Management ... #treatment #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
• IV Fluids Shift ... 90 minutes) • Sodium ... function) - Loop diuretic ... #management #potassium ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... : • Acute or chronic ... #Causes #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Diagnosis Workup Algorithm ... mechanism 2) Volume Status ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... , Cushing syndrome ... #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Transcellular Shifts ... (carbonic anhydrase ... or induced) #Hypokalemia ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia - Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment -
associated with hypokalemia ... - Shift from extracellular ... overdose) - Sodium ... renal Fanconi syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... irrigation • Management ... and nephrotic syndrome ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... starts by measuring ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... differential #diagnosis #algorithm ... #causes #nephrology
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