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clinical neurology video diagnosis differential ophthalmology sign reflex algorithm causes ocular syndrome management pediatrics tremor movement gait test pyramidal hemiballismus
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift ... Medications Renal ... Losses Non-renal ... Transcellular shifts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
intake, Gl loss, shift ... cells FEMg >4% = renal ... magnesium loss if renal ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Decreased intake/absorption: Starvation, Alcoholism, Malabsorption, Phosphate binder use • Redistribution/
Redistribution/ Shift ... bone syndrome • Renal ... Algorithm #causes #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm Acidosis - RTA - Diarrhea pH Normal 1. Decreased Mg 2. Intracellular Shift
Intracellular Shift ... Renal artery stenosis ... Causes #Workup #Nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Increased Intake • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Transcellular Shift ... #Hyperkalemia #Nephrology
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
Transcellular Shift ... CKD Increased Renal ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
• IV Fluids Shift ... (if preserved renal ... management #potassium #nephrology
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia - Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment -
Hypokalemia - Shift ... Extrarenal Laxatives - Renal ... pump inhibitor - Renal ... Antimicrobials Drug-induced renal ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS) Types • Type 1 - Acute CRS: Alteration of renal perfusion is the
Alteration of renal ... - Chronic CRS: Renal ... and VAD induced renal ... hemodialysis and fluids shifts ... Types #cardiology #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Low intake • poor oral intake Renal loss • Medication • Hypomagnesemia •
oral intake Renal ... Nonreabsorbable anions • Renal ... Transcellular shift
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