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diagnosis differential nephrology algorithm hypokalemia management pathophysiology complications endocrinology hematology product reactions signs symptoms addisons adrenal alkalosis aspirin bulimianervosa chloride
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
patients with hypokalemia ... effective arterial blood ... HCO3- • Low Urine ... anion effect: Vomiting ... #urine #potassium
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... urinary losses: • High ... Blood Pressure: ... consumption • Low
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... <20 mEq/24 h - Vomiting ... Gitelman's syndrome #Hypokalemia ... Algorithm #nephrology #causes ... #low #potassium
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Gitelman syndrom, Vomiting ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
phlebotomy High ... Crush injury • Blood ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
phlebotomy High ... Crush injury • Blood ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Gastrointestinal: Vomiting ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... blood pressure: ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... nephron - TTKG > 7, Urine ... • Diabetic nephropathy ... • NSAlDs #Hyperkalemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... osmotic diuresis & vomiting ... To prevent hypokalemia ... renal function/urine ... , vomiting (Incr
Salicylate Toxicity - Diagnosis and Management Consider if: 1) Patient is hot and altered 2) You see tachypnea with
no respiratory cause ... , Vomiting, Tinnitus ... Respiratory Alkalosis, High ... Lactate, Low Potassium ... Resuscitation 2) Urine
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