32 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
, Differential Diagnosis ... Acute and chronic kidney ... Drugs - SIADH Renal ... deficit - Salt-losing ... #Table #Causes
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)

Definition:
• Functional, potentially reversible kidney impairment.
• Occurs in advanced liver disease: cirrhosis, severe alcoholic
vasodilation → ↓ renal ... perfusion + ↑ renal ... Diagnosis (Clinical ... Exclude other AKI causes ... Treatment Overview
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... individuals or during ... broad - Advanced kidney ... tubulointerstitial nephritis, renal ... Differential #Microscopy #Diagnosis
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
- Differential Diagnosis ... acetaminophen dosing ... - Diarrhea - Renal ... sedation, narcotics, CVA ... Interpretation #Diagnosis
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... Management Summary Causes ... nephrotoxicity to kidney ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Management #causes
Short Stature - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Variant, Normal Puberty Onset (BA = CA)
 • Familial Short
- Differential Diagnosis ... Panhypopituitarism Treatment ... Celiac, IBD) • Renal ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... endocrinology #causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... stones caused by ... Inhibitors of Renal ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... amino acids in kidney ... - Antiviral treatment ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #calculus
VExUS - Venous Excess Ultrasound Score 

The Venous Excess UltraSound (VExUS) grading system prototypes combining inferior
inferior vena cava ... and interlobular renal ... Intra-renal venous ... IVC #Congestion #Diagnosis ... #POCUS #Clinical
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
- Differential Diagnosis ... / hypoxemia -> focus ... perfusion - shock->treatments ... before beginning treatment ... deficiency - Renal