53 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
: Commonly no signs ... , Fragile bones/ ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... Corticosteroid use • Primary ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Neurochemical abnormalities
 • Hyper-vigilance
 • Emotional hyper-arousal
 • Exaggerated startle reflex
 • Anxiety
StressDisorder #PTSD #BehavioralDisorder ... #Pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #symptoms ... #signs #psychiatry
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
mechanical loading => Bone ... strain => Bone ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
erythematosus (SLE) Signs ... / Symptoms: - ... Sjogrens #Syndrome #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs ... #Symptoms
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Primary Hyperthyroidism ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Pretibial myxedema #Primary ... endocrinology #pathophysiology
Stages of Syphilis
Early Primary:
 • Painless chancre
 • Regional lymphadenopathy
Early Secondary:
 • Fever, malaise
 • Rash
Syphilis Early Primary ... testing • No symptoms ... Nodular lesions in bone ... Syphilis #Stages #symptoms ... #signs #diagnosis
Gaucher Disease 

Pathophsiology
 • Lysosomal storage disorder
 • Deficiency of ß-glucocerebrosidase
• Accumulation of glucosylceramide in macrophages
Diagnosis
Gaucher Disease Pathophsiology ... Osteonecrosis, bone ... Disease #Diagnosis #Signs ... #Symptoms
Malignant Bone Tumors: Pathogenesis of X-ray appearance

 • Metastatic bone tumors (aka. cancerous cells from systemic
Malignant Bone Tumors ... more common than primary ... bone tumors ... differently from primary ... Signs/Symptoms:
Femoral Head Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Posterior hip dislocation -> Impaction force from femoral
tear a portion of bone ... onto lateral hip Signs ... /Symptoms/Complications ... msk #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms