16 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Initial treatment of renal bone disease and cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Phosphate binders reduce hyperphosphataemia and hyperparathyroidism.
Initial treatment ... of renal bone disease ... the first-line treatments ... which reduces bone ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... decr activity, nutrition ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency
Risk Factors:
 • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory
dental fixatives, Treatment ... /jejunal nutrition ... Musculoskeletal: Low bone ... #riskfactors #symptoms ... #nutrition
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
initiation of nutrition ... overload) Other Symptoms ... hyperparathyroidism • Secondary ... hyperparathyroidism Treatment ... Differential #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
• softening of bones ... of feet, thigh bones ... pain • loss of secondary ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... mineralization Symptoms
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
Mucous membranes • Bone ... musculoskeletal symptoms ... Psychiatric symptoms ... vasculitis Treatment ... #Nutrition #Diagnosis
The Stages of Syphilis 

Primary Syphilis 
- The chancre lesion is the hallmark of primary syphilis.
Without treatment ... Secondary Syphilis ... of primary and secondary ... exposure to or symptoms ... granuIomas on skin, bone
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Clinical features - Classic triad (flank pain, hematuria,
Secondary Amyloidosis ... Symptoms of metastatic ... disease Imaging and Treatment ... Bone scan is indicated ... patients with bone
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

What?
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly
age 70 years Symptoms ... DDX: Rule Out Secondary ... Platelet Disorders • Nutritional ... factor (GCSF) treatments ... marrow studies Treatment