47 results
Breast Discharge - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High Prolactin + Normal TSH
 • Microprolactinoma
 • Steroid Hormone Intake
Breast Discharge ... Pregnancy, Breast ... Production • Renal ... Hypothyroidism #Breast ... Endocrinology #Causes
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
into the deeper retinal ... Hemorrhages • Focal areas ... ischemia causes ... macula, and/or retina ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology
POCUS - Regional Anesthesia - Trunk Local Nerve Block

 - Thoracic Paravertebral
 - Erector Spinae
 -
POCUS - Regional ... Spinae - Pecs - Breast ... #Management #Regional ... Nerve #Blocks #POCUS
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
nervefiber layer -> Retinal ... white or yellow areas ... of the terminal retinal ... around atrophic areas ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
Causes of Acute ... creatinine by at least ... 50% Renal Hypoperfusion ... multiple myeloma) • Urate ... (Obstruction/hydronephrosis
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
overwhelms the renal ... elevated urine pH, & urease ... These mutations cause ... #kidneystones #hydronephrosis ... PCN #calculus #urease
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
Causes of Chronic ... persistent over at least ... 3 months Pre-Renal ... (Obstruction/hydronephrosis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Tumors: Lung, SCC, renal ... , Bladder, Breast ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Back Pain - Differential Diagnosis
Primary Back Pathology:
 • Musculoligamentous injury (a.k.a. lumbosacral strain)
 • Spondylosis (i.e.
common: lung, breast ... , prostate, renal ... common: lung, breast ... Differential #Diagnosis #causes
Proptosis - Differential Diagnosis - Unilateral vs Bilateral
Unilateral:
 • Infections (can become bilateral with cavernous sinus
- Metastatic (breast ... Unilateral #Bilateral #Causes ... #ophthalmology