13 results
Primary Bone Tumors - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm 

Metastatic - Most common tumour in adults
 - Breast
Primary Bone Tumors ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... in adults - Breast ... Thyroid - Lung - Renal ... #Orthopedics #Causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
or normal): • Primary ... Tumors: Lung, SCC, renal ... , Bladder, Breast ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... #causes #endocrinology
Breast Discharge - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High Prolactin + Normal TSH
 • Microprolactinoma
 • Steroid Hormone Intake
Breast Discharge ... Pregnancy, Breast ... + High TSH • Primary ... Hypothyroidism #Breast ... Endocrinology #Causes
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... Hemorrhages • Focal areas ... ischemia causes ... #Retinopathy #Diabetes ... #ophthalmology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary ... D) Increased bone ... metastases: thyroid, breast ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... Renal Failure, Post-Renal ... Breast, Kidney, ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Causes of Polyuria ... • Increased urea ... Recovery from Acute Renal ... Deprivation Test • Primary ... #Causes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
inhibitors - Primary ... - Uncontrolled diabetes ... Pancreatitis - Hungry bones ... Magnesium #Table #Classification ... #Causes #Workup
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
overwhelms the renal ... elevated urine pH, & urease ... disorders such as diabetes ... These mutations cause ... PCN #calculus #urease
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 • Primary (Idiopathic): Unknown etiology, but associated
Findings • Primary ... autoimmune disorders (diabetes ... a stroke that caused ... recovery after breast ... will eventually break