43 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... metastases: thyroid, breast ... • Non-small-cell ... cancer • Renal cell ... #diagnosis #differential
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Differential Diagnosis ... renal, Bladder, Breast ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... #Algorithm #causes
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
Hypercalcemia - ... EKG Findings Causes ... #EKG #ECG #Electrocardiogram ... #Differential #Causes ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... resorption in the bone ... resorption in the bone ... , Breast Cancer, ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Primary Bone Tumors - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm 

Metastatic - Most common tumour in adults
 - Breast
- Differential Diagnosis ... in adults - Breast ... Non-Malignant • Giant Cell ... #Orthopedics #Causes ... #Oncology #Radiology
Mastoiditis: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Acute or Chronic Otitis Media -> 
Stage 1: Hyperemeia of the mastoid
the mastoid air cells ... into contiguous areas ... postauricular crease ... hearing loss, nausea ... signs #symptoms #diagnosis
Malignant Bone Tumors: Pathogenesis of X-ray appearance

 • Metastatic bone tumors (aka. cancerous cells from systemic
aka. cancerous cells ... metastasis: • Breast ... - these cancer cells ... BoneTumors #Malignant #Radiology ... #Diagnosis #XRay
Leukemias Overview: ALL, CML, AML, APML, CLL

Acute leukemias > 20% blasts in the peripheral blood smear
blood smear or on bone ... - Blood and Bone ... -> AML: Blast crises ... Intracellular Urate ... Hematology #Oncology #Diagnosis
Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal Gammopathies
C - HyperCalcemia- calcium > 11 mg/dL / >1 mg/dL the ULN
R
Gammopathies C - HyperCalcemia ... g/dl LLN B - Bony ... marrow plasma cell ... Causes of false- ... Gammopathies #MGUS #diagnosis
Cardiac Arrest - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia

The probable cause is one or more of: something
The probable cause ... is one or more ... and treat the cause ... Hypovolaemia Hypo/hyperkalaemia ... Intraoperative #Checklist #Diagnosis