20 results
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome

Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes.
Step
Nephritic vs Nephrotic ... hematuria (RBC casts ... dysmorphic RBCs in urine ... Syndrome #Comparison #Algorithm ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Urine Microscopy ... suggestive of acute ... suggestive of nephrotic ... #nephrology #interpretation ... #diagnosis
Causes of Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Overfill (Increased renal sodium retention, Urine Na > 40meq/L)
Causes of Generalized ... Increased renal sodium ... retention, Urine ... • Sepsis • Acute ... #Algorithm #Causes
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... are seen in acute ... 34t5DgJ #Urinary #Casts
Algorithmic Approach to Acute Interstitial Nephritis
When to suspect AIN? (not sensitive)
 • AKI, AKD, rapidly progressive
Algorithmic Approach ... Nephritis When ... sterile pyuria, WBC casts ... proteinuria, granular casts ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
microscopy • Red cell casts ... • White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... #nephrology #casts
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
Simplified Approach to Acute ... Urinary obstruction, Nephrotoxic ... PROBLEM ~80% of AKI cases ... IMPROVEMENT If the urine ... for WBCs, RBCs, casts
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis ... Algorithm • Confirm ... repeat testing • Acute ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... if cause not identified
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
Causes of Acute ... Algorithm Acute ... Epithelial cell casts ... Interstitial Nephritis ... #Algorithm #Causes