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diagnosis differential management pathophysiology pharmacology alkalosis cardiology chloride comparison digoxin effects gitelman hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypotonic lactated lr metabolic ns physiologic
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
Urine K+ <13 mEq ... Liddle syndrome Low-normal ... • Distal RTA Low-normal ... #urine #potassium ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... /Normal Blood Pressure ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia Diagnostic Algorithm To assess potassium excretion: perform 24-hour urine collection or alternatively obtain potassium-to-creatinine ratio on
Algorithm To assess ... perform 24-hour urine ... (K⁺ <3.5 mEq/L) ... suggest renal K ... #nephrology #low
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology 1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Pump - Digoxin works ... intracellular calcium causes ... - Hyperkalemia ( ... (or low potassium ... levels stay within normal
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Al, Normal R - ... #nephrology #causes ... #low #potassium
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Extra-renal Losses: • Normal ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
remember than the normal ... volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... /low blood pressure ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
reabsorption) Workup ... lysis) ± Urine ... only if no clear cause ... acidosis) • Low ... #nephrology #K
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... trial • Minimal K ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... Decreased GFR, urine ... • Saline May Cause
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