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diagnosis differential algorithm casts microscopy workup aki atlas blood diuretics excretion hematuria hyponatremia injury key kidney medications metabolic pharmacology renal
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... and metabolic alkalosis ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... , UNa < 20 • Nephrotic ... #nephrology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
repeat testing • Acute ... • Evidence of glomerular ... → Refer to Nephrology ... and referral to Urology ... if cause not identified
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... tubular cells - Acute ... brown cast” - Necrotic ... protein indicating acute ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
exercise or with diuretic ... and concentrated urine ... are seen in acute ... tubulointerstitial nephritis ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... hyperreactivity • Urologic ... Torsemide) • Acute ... Kidney stones caused ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... volume contracted: urine ... postchronic hypercapnia (acute ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Acute Kidney Injury ... osmolarity If cause ... • Interstitial nephritis ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes
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