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diagnosis clinical ultrasound differential management algorithm hematology causes joint nephrology knee rheumatology treatment arthritis hepatology liver signs abdominal dermatology lung
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes. Step
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome ... nephrotic/nephritic syndromes ... glomerular hematuria (RBC ... or dysmorphic RBCs ... Nephritic #Nephrotic #Syndrome
Knee Effusions - Arthrocentesis Interpretation Inflammatory arthritis: • Color: Yellow-> Green • Clarity: Opaque • Viscosity: Low
Knee Effusions - ... Viscosity: Low • WBC ... : Variable • WBC ... Viscosity: High • WBC ... analysis: • MSU
Bone Tumor Location within the Skeleton Epiphysis: Only a few lesions are located in the epiphysis, so
Metaphysis: NOF, SBC ... Ewing's sarcoma, SBC ... , ABC, Enchondroma ... Epiphysis #Radiology #MSK
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
• Fanconi's syndrome ... urine sediment - WBC ... /RBC casts
Hemolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework 1) Environment - Fragmentation - MAHA: TTP, HUS, DIC, HELLP
2) External (RBC ... Drug-associated, PCH, Evans Syndrome ... 3) Internal (RBC ... Smear ↑ abnormal RBCs
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
and Nephrotic Syndromes ... Nephritic syndrome—due ... RBC casts in urine ... Nephrotic yndrome—podocyte ... Nephritic #Nephrotic #Syndromes
Acute Liver Injury - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Vascular Causes of Acute Liver Injury: • Hepatic vein:
Autoimmune hepatitis, PBC ... stone, Malignancy, PBC ... • Bilirubin: RBC ... cardiac muscle, RBC ... • LDH: Heart, RBC
Urine Microscopy - Casts Acellular Casts • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
suggestive of nephrotic sydnrome ... Cellular Casts: • RBC ... glomerulonephritis • WBC
Causes of Anemia with elevated Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Normal Blood Smear •
Neutrophils - Low RBC ... Pernicious Anemia RBCs ... Myelodysplastic Syndromes ... Cells, Normal WBCs
Synovial Fluid Analysis: Findings (COLOR TRANSPARENCY VISCOSITY WBC COUNT (PER MM3) PMN CELL COUNT (%) GRAM STAIN CULTURE PCR TEST CRYSTALS) By Condition (Normal Noninflammatory Inflammatory:
TRANSPARENCY VISCOSITY WBC ... Syonvial #Fluid #Effusion
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