19 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria - Differential ... urine • 1ml blood ... of Glomerular Bleeding ... #urology #nephrology ... blood
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
of glomerular bleeding ... for renal biopsy ... and referral to Urology ... Algorithm #Workup #urology ... #blood #urine
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Investigations: full blood ... osmolarity If cause ... cryoglobulins, hepatitis serology ... , HIV serology, ... #causes
Secondary Causes of Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertension - BP > 140/90 (>130/80 for DM)
Hypertensive urgency
Secondary Causes ... Hypertension - Differential ... visits, Ambulatory blood ... multi-drug resistance) Renal ... #Nephrology #Differential
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Causes of Secondary ... Hypertension - Workup and Differential ... with previously stable ... Neurologic disorders ... #Differential #
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Hypochloremia - Differential ... - Diarrhea • RENAL ... SIGNS: • Muscle weakness ... gas transport, renal ... Hypochloremia #Differential
Varicocele: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Primary:
 - Anatomically: the left spermatic vein drains into the left renal
artery Backup of blood ... spermatic vein Secondary ... retroperitoneal masses ... Obstruction of blood ... Signs #Symptoms #Urology
Oncologic Emergencies - Differential Diagnosis Framework

HEMATOLOGIC ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCIES:
Hyperviscosity Syndrome:
 • Spontaneous bleeding
 • Shortness of breath
Emergencies - Differential ... • Spontaneous bleeding ... of breath • Neurologic ... Hyperuricemia • Acute renal ... mental function • Weakness
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Base Disorders - Blood ... Interpretation Steps for Blood ... Differentials? ... Neuromuscular weakness ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
CNS Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Clinical Manifestations: Demyelinating Syndrome, Headache, Movement disorders, Seizure disorders, Aseptic
autoantibodies that will cause ... inflammation, leading ... thrombosis and/or blood-brain ... APS), Secondary ... Erythematosus #SLE #CNS #neurology