85 results
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
Struvite stones, ... staghorn or large calculus ... overwhelms the renal ... hydronephrosis # hematuria ... flankpain #PCN #calculus
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis
Renal:
 - Glomerular - IgA Nephropathy, Thin basement membrane, Alport syndrome,
Causes of Hematuria ... Differential Diagnosis Renal ... or other tumor, Calculi ... - Malignancy, Calculi ... Schistomiasis, Malignancy, Calculi
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
Modalities for Renal ... for ureteric and renal ... for ureteric and renal ... #Renal #Kidney ... #stones #calculus
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
thrombosis • Renal ... Sickle cell) • Renal ... : • Stone • ... Cystitis • Bladder stones ... TURP/Biopsy Renal
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
of Macroscopic Hematuria ... Painful: suggests calculi ... suggest intrinsic renal ... #IM #Urology #Hematuria
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... Hypercalcemia, Renal ... heart failure #Calculi ... stones #differential ... diagnosis #causes #calculus
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red blood cells on urine microscopy. Must exclude false positives
Causes of Hematuria ... Tubulolnterstitial • Calculi ... • BPH • Calculi ... ) - Isolated Hematuria ... ) - Isolated Hematuria
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
Pediatric Kidney Stones ... • Try retrieve stone ... Stent: < 2 cm stone ... URS: Ureteric stone ... Monitoring for extra-renal
Causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Upper Tract - Bladder NOT distended on ultrasound,
on ultrasound, Hematuria ... carcinoma - Stone ... • Bladder stone ... Thrombus (frank hematuria
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
) - Prerenal, Renal ... Postrenal PRE-RENAL ... Vascular occlusion RENAL ... Infection POST-RENAL ... Urinary calculi