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Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
Modalities for Renal ... obstruction - Able ... causes of flank ... causes of obstruction ... #Renal #Kidney
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... Hypercalcemia, Renal ... heart failure #Calculi ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #calculus
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis
Renal:
 - Glomerular - IgA Nephropathy, Thin basement membrane, Alport syndrome,
Causes of Hematuria ... Differential Diagnosis Renal ... or other tumor, Calculi ... - Malignancy, Calculi ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
Causes of Acute ... ) - Prerenal, Renal ... Postrenal PRE-RENAL ... Infection POST-RENAL ... Urinary calculi
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
Painful: suggests calculi ... RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... suggest intrinsic renal
Common causes of Acute Kidney Injury AKI - Differential Diagnosis
HEMODYNAMIC
 • Cardiac failure: Impaired forward flow,
Common causes of ... thromboembolism, renal ... OBSTRUCTIVE • Urinary calculi ... tumors INTRINSINC RENAL ... NephroP #AKI #causes
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA): refers to a group of conditions all of which cause the same
Renal tubular acidosis ... conditions all of which cause ... different types/causes ... RenalTubularAcidosis #Features #Table
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red blood cells on urine microscopy. Must exclude false positives
Causes of Hematuria ... Tubulolnterstitial • Calculi ... • BPH • Calculi ... RBCs and/or RBC casts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... with impaired renal ... rarely the sole cause ... and underlying renal
Gerstmann Syndrome
1) Finger agnosia - Inability to name their own fingers, affecting both sides
2) Right-left confusion
both sides 3) Acalculia ... patient is still able ... to copy Causes ... : Stroke (main cause